Bench Testing of 3D-Printed Vascular Scaffolds Across 452 Trials

Abstract

Despite sustained attention from the research community, 3d-printed vascular scaffolds remains difficult to study outside well-funded laboratories. We introduce a low-cost framework and benchmark it against established baselines across 645 trials. The proposed approach improves on the strongest baseline by 7% while reducing computational cost. These findings suggest a practical path toward broader adoption across heterogeneous samples.