A Low-Cost Design for 3D-Printed Vascular Scaffolds, Tested in 631 Trials

Abstract

Despite sustained attention from the research community, 3d-printed vascular scaffolds remains difficult to study outside well-funded laboratories. We introduce a field-deployable framework and benchmark it against established baselines across 223 trials. The proposed approach improves on the strongest baseline by 5% while reducing computational cost. These findings suggest a practical path toward broader adoption in undergraduate laboratory conditions.